Cardiothoracic Surgery

• Comprehensive assessment of symptoms and medical history, focusing on the severity and progression of heart failure.
• An echocardiogram is performed to evaluate the heart’s structure and function, assessing the degree of heart failure.
• Blood tests, including BNP or NT-proBNP levels, help in diagnosing and determining the severity of heart failure.
• Cardiac MRI or CT scans provide detailed images of the heart, aiding in the assessment of heart failure.
• Cardiopulmonary exercise testing may be used to evaluate the functional capacity and guide treatment planning.
• Heart catheterization is sometimes necessary to measure the pressures inside the heart and assess coronary artery disease.

• Medications such as ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics are used to manage symptoms and improve heart function.
• Advanced therapies like inotropes may be employed for patients with refractory symptoms.
• Mechanical circulatory support devices, including LVADs, are considered for patients with severe heart failure.
• Heart transplantation is an option for eligible patients with end-stage heart failure.
• Lifestyle modifications, including a low-sodium diet and controlled fluid intake, are crucial in managing heart failure.
• Cardiac rehabilitation programs are recommended to improve physical strength and heart health.

• Strict adherence to medication regimens and regular monitoring of symptoms are essential in managing heart failure.
• Patients are educated on recognizing worsening symptoms and when to seek immediate medical attention.
• Regular follow-ups with a heart failure specialist are important for ongoing assessment and treatment adjustments.
• Engaging in a heart-healthy lifestyle, including maintaining a healthy weight and quitting smoking, is crucial.
• For transplant patients, adherence to immunosuppressant therapy and regular screening for rejection and infections is vital.

• An in-depth discussion about your heart failure symptoms and how they impact your daily life.
• A thorough physical examination, along with a review of your medical history and any prior test results.
• You may undergo diagnostic tests during your visit to assess your heart function and guide treatment decisions.
• Our team will discuss potential treatment options, including advanced therapies if appropriate.
• We provide comprehensive education on managing heart failure, medication adherence, and lifestyle changes.

Conclusion

• Managing heart failure and transplant cardiology involves a multidisciplinary approach tailored to each individual’s needs.
• Our goal is to optimize your heart function, improve your quality of life, and provide advanced treatment options when conventional therapies are no longer effective.
• We are committed to supporting you through every stage of your journey, from initial diagnosis to advanced care, including transplantation if necessary.
• Proactive management and a strong partnership between you and your cardiac care team are key to living well with heart failure.

• Initial evaluation often involves a detailed review of symptoms, medical history, and a physical examination focused on signs of aortic disease. Echocardiography is used to visualize the heart and aorta, helping to identify aneurysms, dissections, or coarctation.
• Computed Tomography (CT) angiography provides detailed images of the aorta, allowing for precise measurement of aneurysms and identification of dissections.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) offers additional detailed views, especially useful in assessing the aorta’s structure and blood flow without radiation exposure.
• Cardiac catheterization might be performed to measure pressures within the heart and aorta and to assess the coronary arteries before surgery.

• For aortic aneurysms, surgical repair or endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR/TEVAR) is selected based on the aneurysm’s location and size.
• Aortic dissection requires emergency surgery for Type A dissections, focusing on replacing the damaged aorta segment with a graft, while Type B dissections may be managed with medication or endovascular procedures.
• Aortic root surgery may involve replacing the aortic root and valve with a composite graft in cases of aneurysm or dissection affecting the root. Coarctation of the aorta is treated through surgical repair or balloon angioplasty and stenting to relieve the narrowing.
• Ongoing management for patients with Marfan syndrome or other connective tissue disorders includes monitoring and treating aortic dilation to prevent dissection.

• Regular follow-up imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRIs, are critical to monitor the repaired or replaced aorta and detect any new issues.
• Patients must adhere to prescribed medication regimens to control blood pressure and reduce stress on the aorta.
• Lifestyle modifications, including a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise within physician-recommended limits, and smoking cessation, support overall recovery and health.
• Awareness of symptoms that could indicate complications, such as sudden chest pain or back pain, is crucial for seeking timely medical attention.
• Participation in genetic counseling and testing may be recommended for patients with familial patterns of aortic disease.

• You’ll undergo a comprehensive evaluation to assess your aortic condition, including discussion of any symptoms and review of prior medical tests.
• Diagnostic tests, such as echocardiography, CT angiography, or MRI, will be scheduled to determine the extent of your aortic disease.
• The surgical team will discuss potential treatment options, including the risks and benefits of surgery versus endovascular procedures. Preoperative planning will include detailed instructions on preparing for surgery and what to expect during recovery.
• You’ll have the opportunity to address any questions or concerns regarding your condition, treatment options, and long-term management.

Esophageal surgery encompasses a range of procedures aimed at treating diseases and conditions affecting the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. Common indications for surgery include esophageal cancer, benign esophageal tumors, strictures, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that hasn’t responded to medical treatment. Surgical approaches can vary from minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopic or robotic surgery, to more traditional open surgeries, depending on the condition’s severity and location within the esophagus.

Esophageal Cancer Surgery

Esophagectomy is the primary surgical treatment for esophageal cancer, involving the removal of all or part of the esophagus. This procedure may also include the removal of nearby lymph nodes to assess the cancer’s spread. Reconstruction of the digestive tract is performed to allow food to pass from the mouth to the stomach. While offering a chance for cure in early-stage cancers, esophagectomy is a complex surgery with significant risks and a considerable impact on quality of life.

Surgery for Benign Esophageal Tumors

Benign esophageal tumors, though less common than esophageal cancer, may require surgical removal if they cause symptoms like swallowing difficulties. The surgical approach depends on the tumor’s size and location, with minimally invasive techniques preferred to reduce recovery time and preserve esophageal function. These procedures typically involve removing the tumor while leaving the rest of the esophagus intact.

Esophageal Stricture Surgery

Esophageal strictures, or narrowings of the esophagus, can result from chronic acid reflux, radiation therapy, or scar tissue. Surgical treatment may involve esophageal dilation, where the esophagus is gently stretched, or more complex surgery to remove the narrowed section and reconstruct the esophagus. Surgery aims to restore normal swallowing and prevent recurrence of symptoms.

Anti-Reflux Surgery (Fundoplication)

Fundoplication is a surgical procedure for treating GERD that hasn’t responded to medical therapy. It involves wrapping the top of the stomach around the lower esophagus to strengthen the esophageal sphincter, preventing acid reflux. Fundoplication can be performed using minimally invasive techniques, offering effective relief from GERD symptoms and reducing the need for long-term acid suppression medication.

Esophageal Diverticulum Surgery

Esophageal diverticula are pouches that can form in the esophageal lining, causing symptoms like swallowing difficulties and regurgitation. Surgery to remove or repair the diverticulum is indicated when symptoms are severe or if there’s a risk of complications. The procedure typically involves excising the diverticulum and repairing the esophageal muscle to prevent recurrence.

• Detailed assessment of symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, or weight loss to guide the diagnostic process.
• Endoscopy allows direct visualization of the esophagus, identifying tumors, strictures, or signs of GERD. Biopsies taken during endoscopy can diagnose cancerous lesions or assess the severity of esophagitis.
• Barium swallow studies provide X-ray images of the esophagus in motion, highlighting structural abnormalities or motility issues.
• Esophageal manometry measures the pressure and coordination of esophageal muscles during swallowing, essential for diagnosing motility disorders.

• Esophagectomy, involving partial or total removal of the esophagus, is a primary option for esophageal cancer, with reconstruction to maintain the digestive pathway.
• Minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopic or robotic surgery, are preferred for benign tumors and selected cases of early-stage cancer, reducing recovery time.
• Esophageal dilation or surgical section removal and reconstruction are methods to treat strictures not responsive to medication.
• Fundoplication addresses severe GERD by reinforcing the lower esophageal sphincter, preventing acid reflux.
• Diverticulectomy or myotomy for esophageal diverticula and motility disorders, respectively, can alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.

• Follow a prescribed diet and nutritional plan to support healing and adapt to changes in the digestive system post-surgery.
• Engage in regular follow-up appointments for endoscopic monitoring and to manage any long-term effects of surgery.
• For cancer patients, coordinate with oncology for any necessary adjuvant therapy, such as chemotherapy or radiation.
• Adopt lifestyle changes, including elevating the head while sleeping and avoiding foods that trigger reflux symptoms, especially after anti-reflux surgery.
• Participate in swallowing therapy if experiencing difficulties post-surgery to improve esophageal function and quality of life.

• Comprehensive discussion about your symptoms, dietary habits, and any previous treatments for esophageal conditions.
• Diagnostic tests, including endoscopy or imaging studies, may be scheduled to evaluate your esophageal health.
• Detailed explanation of findings, potential surgical options, and recommendations tailored to your specific condition.
• Pre-operative planning, including dietary instructions and preparation for surgery, to ensure the best possible outcomes.
• An opportunity to address concerns and questions about surgery, recovery expectations, and long-term management of your esophageal condition.

Thoracic Oncology specializes in diagnosing and treating cancers located within the thoracic cavity, primarily focusing on lung cancer, esophageal cancer, and cancers of the chest wall, mediastinum, and pleura. This field combines advances in surgical techniques, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies to offer comprehensive care. Early detection and personalized treatment plans are crucial for improving outcomes in thoracic oncology, leveraging multidisciplinary approaches to optimize patient care and enhance survival rates.

Lung Cancer

Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, presents in two main types: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Treatment depends on the stage at diagnosis and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapies. Surgical resection offers the best chance for cure in early-stage NSCLC, while advanced stages often require systemic treatments.

Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal cancer is characterized by its occurrence in the esophagus, with squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma being the most common types. Risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, and chronic acid reflux. Treatment varies by stage and location of the tumor and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is a rare cancer primarily affecting the pleura, the lining around the lungs, often linked to asbestos exposure. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Treatment options are limited and may include surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Research into novel therapies continues to evolve.

Thymoma and Thymic Carcinoma

Thymoma and thymic carcinoma are tumors originating in the thymus, a small organ in the chest’s mediastinum. These tumors are relatively rare and can range from slow-growing to more aggressive forms. Surgery is the main treatment for localized tumors, possibly followed by radiation or chemotherapy for more advanced disease.

Chest Wall Tumors

Chest wall tumors can be benign or malignant and originate from the bone, cartilage, or soft tissue of the chest wall. Treatment often involves surgical resection, sometimes requiring reconstruction of the chest wall. For malignant tumors, additional treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation may be necessary depending on the tumor type and stage.

• Conduct a detailed review of the patient’s medical history and symptoms associated with thoracic cancers, such as persistent cough, chest pain, or unexplained weight loss.
• Perform a comprehensive physical examination, paying special attention to signs that may indicate thoracic malignancies.
• Utilize imaging studies, including chest X-rays, CT scans, and PET scans, to identify tumors within the thoracic cavity and assess their extent.
• Employ bronchoscopy for lung cancers or endoscopy for esophageal cancers to directly visualize tumors and obtain tissue samples for biopsy.
• Implement advanced diagnostic techniques such as endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) or mediastinoscopy to evaluate the lymph nodes and other structures around the lungs for signs of cancer spread. Analyze biopsy samples through histopathological examination to determine the type and stage of cancer, which is critical for guiding treatment decisions.
• Conduct molecular and genetic testing on tumor samples to identify specific markers that can influence treatment choices, particularly for lung cancer where targeted therapies may be applicable.

• Surgical resection, when possible, to remove tumors in the lung, esophagus, or other thoracic areas, often combined with lymph node removal to assess cancer spread. Chemotherapy as a primary treatment for certain stages of thoracic cancers or as adjuvant therapy to surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence.
• Radiation therapy, either as a standalone treatment for specific cancer types or in combination with chemotherapy, especially for inoperable tumors or to alleviate symptoms.
• Targeted therapy and immunotherapy for lung cancers with specific genetic mutations or markers, offering a more personalized treatment approach and potentially improved outcomes.
• Multimodal treatments combining surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation for advanced or complex cases to maximize the chance of controlling the disease.
• Palliative care interventions to manage symptoms and improve the quality of life for patients with advanced thoracic cancers.

• Attend regular follow-up appointments to monitor the effectiveness of treatment and detect any signs of recurrence.
• Manage treatment side effects through prescribed medications and lifestyle adjustments recommended by your healthcare team. Participate in rehabilitation programs to improve physical strength and lung function after treatment.
• Maintain a balanced diet and engage in gentle exercise as advised to support overall health and recovery.
• Seek emotional and psychological support through counseling or support groups to navigate the challenges of living with cancer.

• A thorough review of your medical history and a physical examination to assess your current health status.
• Discussion of diagnostic test results, including imaging and biopsy findings, to inform your treatment plan.
• Explanation of recommended treatment options, including details on potential benefits, risks, and side effects. Guidance on preparing for treatment, such as surgery or chemotherapy, including any necessary pre-treatment procedures.
• An opportunity to ask questions and discuss any concerns you may have about your diagnosis, treatment options, or prognosis. I hope this aligns correctly with the original format you requested.
• If there are more topics or further adjustments needed, please let me know.

Minimally Invasive and Robotic Thoracic Surgery represents advanced surgical techniques in treating thoracic conditions, including lung, esophageal, and mediastinal diseases. These approaches utilize small incisions, specialized instruments, and often robotic assistance to perform complex surgeries with precision. Benefits include reduced pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times compared to traditional open surgery. Techniques like

Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

(VATS) and robotic-assisted surgery are increasingly preferred for their enhanced visualization, accuracy, and minimized impact on patients. Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) VATS involves the use of a thoracoscope (a small camera) and surgical instruments inserted through small incisions in the chest. This technique is commonly used for diagnosing and treating lung cancer, removing lung nodules, and managing pleural diseases. VATS allows for detailed examination and treatment with less disruption to the patient’s body, leading to faster recovery and reduced pain.

Robotic-Assisted Thoracic Surgery

Robotic-assisted thoracic surgery utilizes robotic systems to enhance surgical precision and flexibility. The surgeon controls robotic arms equipped with surgical instruments and a camera, offering a high-definition, three-dimensional view of the surgical site. This method is particularly effective for complex procedures like esophagectomy, lobectomy, and thymectomy, providing better maneuverability and precision.

Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT)

SBRT is a non-invasive treatment option for early-stage lung cancer and certain thoracic conditions, delivering high doses of radiation precisely to the tumor site. It’s an alternative for patients unable to undergo surgery, targeting tumors with minimal impact on surrounding healthy tissue. SBRT’s precision reduces treatment sessions compared to conventional radiation therapy.

Endobronchial and Esophageal Procedures

Minimally invasive techniques extend to endobronchial and esophageal procedures for diagnosing and treating conditions within the airways and esophagus. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) allow for detailed imaging and biopsy of lesions, aiding in cancer staging and treatment without the need for open surgery.

Thoracic Sympathectomy

Thoracic sympathectomy is a minimally invasive procedure targeting the sympathetic nerve chain in the chest to treat hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), facial blushing, and certain circulatory disorders. Performed using VATS, this surgery can dramatically improve symptoms for affected patients, offering a permanent solution to these debilitating conditions.

• We will review your medical history and current symptoms to assess if minimally invasive or robotic surgery is suitable for you.
• Our team will use imaging studies like CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans to get a clear picture of your condition.
• For specific diagnoses, we might perform endoscopic procedures, such as bronchoscopy for lung issues or esophagoscopy for esophageal conditions, to take tissue samples.
• We’ll conduct pulmonary function tests to ensure your lungs are strong enough for surgery.
• A cardiac evaluation may be necessary to confirm your heart’s readiness for a thoracic procedure.

• We can offer you Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) for conditions like lung resections and pleural diseases, aiming for a quicker recovery.
• Robotic-assisted surgery could be an option for you, providing precision in removing tumors and conducting complex reconstructions with less impact on your body.
• Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) might be recommended if you have early-stage lung cancer but are not a candidate for traditional surgery, targeting tumors precisely with minimal side effects.
• If your condition involves the airways or esophagus, endobronchial or esophageal procedures using minimally invasive techniques could be performed for diagnosis or treatment.
• For issues like excessive sweating or facial blushing, a thoracic sympathectomy via VATS might significantly improve your symptoms.

• After your surgery, we’ll schedule regular follow-ups to monitor your recovery and the effectiveness of the procedure.
• We’ll guide you on managing any pain or discomfort post-surgery, ensuring you have the right medications and support.
• Engaging in prescribed rehabilitation exercises will be crucial to regain your strength and return to normal activities.
• We advise on nutrition and lifestyle adjustments to support your healing process and overall well-being.
• Our team is here to support you, offering resources and referrals to counseling or support groups if you’re dealing with emotional challenges post-surgery.

• During your visit, we’ll have an in-depth conversation about your health, exploring your symptoms and treatment history.
• You’ll undergo diagnostic tests we’ve planned for you, which will help us determine the best course of action.
• We’ll discuss your treatment options in detail, focusing on what’s most suitable for your specific condition and lifestyle.
• You’ll receive clear instructions on how to prepare for surgery and what the recovery process will involve.
• This is a collaborative process, and we encourage you to ask questions and share any concerns you might have about your treatment and care.

• Comprehensive assessment of heart function using diagnostic tools like echocardiograms, cardiac catheterization, and coronary angiograms.
• Detailed evaluation of symptoms and medical history, particularly focusing on chest pain, breathlessness, and fatigue.
• Blood tests to check for markers of heart disease and assess overall health status.
• Advanced imaging, such as cardiac MRI or CT scans, to visualize heart structures and identify surgical needs.
• Stress tests to determine the heart’s response to physical exertion and identify areas of reduced blood flow.

• Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) to improve blood flow to the heart in cases of severe coronary artery disease.
• Valve repair or replacement for damaged heart valves, using either mechanical or biological prostheses.
• Aortic aneurysm repair, either through open surgery or endovascular procedures, to prevent the risk of rupture.
• Heart transplant for end-stage heart failure or severe heart disease unresponsive to other treatments.
• Arrhythmia surgery, such as the Maze procedure, to correct irregular heartbeats and restore normal heart rhythm.

• Regular follow-up appointments for monitoring heart function and recovery progress post-surgery.
• Adherence to medication regimens, including anticoagulants for patients with mechanical valves or immunosuppressants for transplant recipients.
• Lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes, exercise, and smoking cessation, to improve overall heart health.
• Participation in cardiac rehabilitation programs for guided exercise, education, and support in lifestyle changes.
• Monitoring for any signs of complications, such as infection, arrhythmias, or rejection in transplant patients.

• A detailed discussion about your symptoms, medical history, and any previous heart treatments or surgeries.
• Physical examination and a series of diagnostic tests to assess your heart condition and determine the need for surgery.
• Discussion of potential surgical options, including the risks and benefits of each procedure.
• Pre-operative planning and preparation, including instructions for before and after the surgery.
• Our team will address any questions or concerns, ensuring you feel informed and supported throughout your care.

Atrial Septal Defect Repair

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) repair involves closing a hole between the heart’s two upper chambers. This can be done via open-heart surgery or a less invasive catheter-based procedure using a device to close the defect. The choice of technique depends on the size and location of the ASD. This surgery is critical in preventing long-term complications like heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.

Ventricular Septal Defect Repair

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) repair addresses a hole in the wall separating the heart’s lower chambers. The procedure typically involves open-heart surgery to place a patch over the defect. Repairing a VSD is important for preventing complications such as heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and damage to the heart and lungs from over-circulation.

Tetralogy of Fallot Repair

Tetralogy of Fallot repair corrects a combination of four heart defects. Surgery, usually performed in infancy, involves closing the ventricular septal defect and removing obstructions to blood flow out of the heart. This procedure is essential for normal blood flow through the heart and to the rest of the body, allowing children to grow and develop normally.

Transposition of the Great Arteries Surgery

Surgery for Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) corrects the positions of the main arteries leaving the heart. The arterial switch operation, typically performed soon after birth, involves connecting the arteries to their correct heart chambers. This surgery is crucial for normal oxygenation of the body’s blood supply.

Norwood Procedure for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

The Norwood Procedure is the first of three surgeries for children born with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS), where the left side of the heart is underdeveloped. It involves reconstructing the aorta and connecting it directly to the right ventricle. This complex surgery is vital for survival and stabilization of infants with HLHS, setting the stage for further necessary surgeries.

• Initial evaluation of congenital heart defects often occurs through prenatal ultrasounds or shortly after birth if symptoms are present.
• Echocardiography is the primary diagnostic tool, providing detailed images of the heart’s structure and function.
• For more comprehensive assessment, cardiac MRI or CT scans may be used to visualize complex heart anomalies.
• Cardiac catheterization can provide detailed information on heart pressures and oxygen levels, and is sometimes used for diagnostic purposes.
• Genetic testing and counseling may be recommended, as some congenital heart defects are associated with genetic syndromes.

• Surgical intervention is a key treatment for many congenital heart defects, with the timing and type of surgery depending on the severity of the condition.
• Procedures like ASD and VSD repairs involve closing the holes in the heart’s chambers to normalize blood flow.
• Complex surgeries, such as the repair of Tetralogy of Fallot or the arterial switch operation for TGA, are performed to correct multiple defects and improve heart function.
• For conditions like HLHS, a series of surgeries are conducted over time, starting with the Norwood Procedure.
• In some cases, catheter-based interventions offer less invasive options for treating certain defects.

• Regular follow-up with a pediatric cardiologist is essential for monitoring heart health and development after surgery.
• Parents and caregivers are educated on recognizing signs of potential complications, such as changes in feeding, breathing, or activity levels.
• Medications may be prescribed to support heart function or prevent complications post-surgery.
• Nutritional support is important, especially for infants and children recovering from heart surgery.
• Activity levels are closely monitored and adjusted according to the child’s condition and stage of recovery.

• A thorough review of the child’s health history and current symptoms will be conducted.
• Diagnostic tests, such as echocardiograms or cardiac MRI, will be performed or reviewed to assess the heart defect.
• The healthcare team will discuss potential surgical options, explaining the benefits and risks of each.
• Pre-operative preparation and post-operative care plans will be outlined to ensure the best outcomes.
• Parents and caregivers will have the opportunity to ask questions and discuss concerns about the child’s condition and treatment.

Lung Cancer Surgery

Lung cancer surgery is a primary treatment for early-stage lung cancer. Procedures vary from removing a small section of the lung (wedge resection) to removing an entire lung (pneumonectomy), depending on the cancer’s size and location. The goal is to remove cancerous tissues while preserving as much lung function as possible. Postoperative monitoring and rehabilitation are essential for recovery and maintaining quality of life.

Esophageal Cancer Surgery

Esophageal cancer surgery involves removing part or all of the esophagus, often requiring reconstruction using part of the stomach or intestine. This surgery, known as esophagectomy, is complex and typically indicated for localized esophageal cancer. Postoperative care is critical due to the complexity of the surgery and the importance of the esophagus in digestion and nutrition.

Surgery for Pleural Diseases

Surgery for pleural diseases addresses conditions affecting the pleura, the lining around the lungs. This includes procedures for pleural effusion (fluid accumulation), pneumothorax (collapsed lung), and pleural tumors. Techniques range from thoracentesis (draining fluid) to more invasive procedures like pleurectomy (removal of part of the pleura) depending on the condition’s severity.

Tracheal Surgery

Tracheal surgery is performed to correct conditions affecting the trachea, such as strictures (narrowing) or tracheal tumors. Procedures may involve resection of the affected tracheal segment and reconstruction. These surgeries are delicate, given the trachea’s critical role in breathing, and require specialized surgical expertise.

Surgery for Chest Wall Disorders

Surgery for chest wall disorders treats structural abnormalities or diseases of the chest wall, including pectus excavatum (sunken chest) or chest wall tumors. Procedures vary from corrective surgeries to improve chest structure and function to resections of malignant or benign tumors.

• Comprehensive evaluation of symptoms, medical history, and physical examination focusing on the chest area.
• Imaging tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs provide detailed views of the thoracic structures and identify abnormalities.
• Biopsy procedures, often guided by imaging, are crucial for diagnosing conditions like lung or esophageal cancer.
• Pulmonary function tests assess lung capacity and function, especially important before lung surgery.
• Endoscopic examinations, including bronchoscopy or esophagoscopy, allow direct visualization and assessment of the airways and esophagus.

• Surgical resection remains a primary treatment for lung cancer, tailored to the tumor’s size, location, and stage.
• Esophagectomy for esophageal cancer involves removal and reconstruction, with a focus on preserving digestive function.
• Procedures for pleural diseases range from minimally invasive thoracentesis to more extensive surgeries like decortication or pleurectomy.
• Tracheal resections and reconstructions are performed for severe tracheal strictures or tumors.
• Chest wall surgeries, including corrective procedures for congenital deformities or tumor resections, are customized based on the specific disorder.

• Postoperative care and monitoring are essential, particularly for early detection and management of complications.
• Patients undergoing lung surgery are guided through pulmonary rehabilitation to optimize lung function and recovery.
• Nutritional support and lifestyle modifications play a key role in recovery, especially after esophageal surgery.
• Regular follow-up appointments are crucial for monitoring recovery progress and managing any long-term effects of the surgery.
• For cancer patients, coordination with oncology for any additional treatments like chemotherapy or radiation is important.

• Detailed discussion of your symptoms, previous medical treatments, and any specific concerns related to your thoracic condition.
• Physical examination followed by diagnostic tests to evaluate the nature and extent of your thoracic condition.
• Our team will discuss potential surgical options, explaining the benefits, risks, and expected outcomes of each procedure.
• Pre-operative preparation and post-operative recovery plans will be outlined, including any necessary lifestyle changes or rehabilitation.
• You will have the opportunity to ask questions and express any concerns regarding your treatment and care.

Chest X-Ray

A Chest X-Ray is a fundamental diagnostic tool that provides images of the heart, lungs, airways, blood vessels, and bones of the spine and chest. It’s often the first step in diagnosing heart or lung diseases, helping detect conditions like pneumonia, heart failure, and other chest-related issues. The procedure is quick, painless, and involves minimal radiation exposure.

Computed Tomography (CT) Scan

A CT Scan of the chest offers detailed images of the heart and lungs, surpassing the clarity provided by a standard X-ray. It’s invaluable in diagnosing and monitoring various conditions, including tumors, blood clots, and heart disease. The scan involves lying on a table that slides into a circular scanner, and it usually takes only a few minutes to complete.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Cardiac MRI is a non-invasive imaging technique providing detailed pictures of the heart’s structures and blood vessels. It’s used for assessing heart muscle damage, congenital heart disease, and the heart’s function. MRI of the lungs and other thoracic structures can also diagnose tumors and other abnormalities. The procedure is painless but requires lying still inside the MRI machine for a period.

Echocardiogram

An Echocardiogram uses ultrasound technology to create images of the heart, showing its size, structure, and how well it’s functioning. It’s particularly useful in diagnosing heart valve problems, heart failure, and other cardiac conditions. The test is non-invasive, involves no radiation, and provides real-time images of the beating heart.

Cardiac Catheterization

Cardiac Catheterization is an invasive diagnostic procedure that provides comprehensive information about the heart’s function and coronary arteries. It involves inserting a catheter into a blood vessel, usually in the groin or arm, and guiding it to the heart. Through this catheter, doctors can perform diagnostic tests and treatments. It’s essential for diagnosing heart disease and planning treatments.

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, commonly known as heart bypass surgery, is performed to improve blood flow to the heart. This surgery is typically recommended for patients with severe coronary heart disease. It involves taking a blood vessel from another part of the body and grafting it onto the heart’s arteries to bypass blocked sections. Recovery involves a hospital stay and several weeks of recuperation at home.

Heart Valve Surgery

Heart Valve Surgery involves repairing or replacing damaged heart valves. Conditions like valve stenosis (narrowing) and regurgitation (leakage) can necessitate this surgery. The procedure varies from minimally invasive to open-heart surgery, depending on the severity and location of the valve disease. Postoperative recovery and care are crucial for successful outcomes.

Lung Surgery

Lung Surgery, including procedures like lobectomy (removal of a lung lobe) and pneumonectomy (removal of an entire lung), is performed for various conditions such as lung cancer and severe lung diseases. These surgeries are significant and require careful preoperative preparation and postoperative care.

Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Repair

This surgery is performed to correct aneurysms in the thoracic aorta, the major artery leaving the heart. It involves replacing the weakened section of the aorta with a graft. It’s a complex procedure that requires careful monitoring and recovery.

Transplant Surgery

Heart and Lung Transplant Surgeries are life-saving procedures performed when these organs have failed and other treatments have not been effective. These complex surgeries require extensive preoperative evaluation and lifelong postoperative care, including medications to prevent organ rejection.

Postoperative Care and Recovery

Cardiac Rehabilitation Cardiac Rehabilitation is a critical part of recovery after heart surgery. It includes exercise training, education on heart-healthy living, and counseling to reduce stress and improve mental health. The goal is to help patients return to an active life and manage their heart condition.

Pain Management and Wound Care

Effective pain management and proper wound care are crucial for a smooth recovery. Patients are provided with guidance on pain relief methods and wound care techniques to prevent infection and promote healing. Monitoring and Follow-up Regular follow-up appointments and monitoring are essential after cardiothoracic surgery. These check-ups ensure the healing process is progressing well and help in the early detection and management of any complications.