Neurology

At the Headache & Migraine Clinic, we prioritize a thorough understanding of each patient’s headache history and triggers. Our multidisciplinary team of specialists employs a holistic strategy to identify the underlying causes of headaches and develop effective treatment plans. We incorporate the latest research and non-pharmacological methods, such as biofeedback and cognitive-behavioral therapy, alongside traditional treatments. Education on self-management techniques and trigger avoidance is also provided, empowering patients to actively participate in their care. Our goal is to achieve long-term relief and minimize the impact of headaches on our patients’ lives.

• Detailed review of your headache history and symptom patterns. Comprehensive neurological examination and diagnostic tests to rule out underlying conditions.
• Discussion of your personalized treatment options, focusing on both prevention and acute management.
• Prescription of medications tailored to your specific headache type and needs.
• Recommendations for lifestyle changes and stress management techniques to reduce headache triggers.
• Access to non-pharmacological treatments, such as physical therapy or acupuncture, as part of a holistic care plan.
• Educational resources on headache and migraine management. Scheduled follow-up appointments to monitor your progress and adjust treatment plans accordingly.
• Support for chronic headache conditions, including access to support groups or counseling services.
• Opportunities to participate in clinical trials for new headache treatments.

Our Dizziness Clinic adopts an integrated approach, combining expertise from neurology, otolaryngology, and physical therapy to provide comprehensive care. Understanding that dizziness can stem from various sources, we conduct detailed assessments to pinpoint the specific etiology of each patient’s symptoms. Treatment strategies may include vestibular rehabilitation, medication, and lifestyle modifications, supported by education on managing symptoms at home. We focus on empowering patients with the knowledge and tools needed for long-term management of their condition, striving to restore balance and reduce the impact of dizziness on daily activities.

• Thorough assessment of your symptoms, medical history, and any previous treatments for dizziness.
• Diagnostic testing, including vestibular function tests and imaging studies, to identify the cause of your dizziness.
• Personalized treatment plan addressing the root cause of your dizziness, which may include physical therapy, medication, or dietary changes.
• Vestibular rehabilitation exercises tailored to your specific balance disorder.
• Guidance on managing episodes of dizziness and preventing falls at home.
• Recommendations for modifying your home and work environment to reduce dizziness triggers.
• Scheduled follow-up visits to evaluate your progress and adjust your treatment as needed.
• Access to educational materials on dizziness and balance disorders. Referral to specialized services or support groups for additional support.
• Continuous support from a dedicated team focused on improving your quality of life.

Migraines

Migraines are intense, debilitating headaches characterized by a throbbing or pulsing sensation, usually on one side of the head. Symptoms often include nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. Migraines can last for hours to days, significantly impacting daily activities. They may occur with or without auras, which are sensory disturbances that precede the headache. The exact cause of migraines is unknown, but they are believed to result from abnormal brain activity affecting nerve signals, chemicals, and blood vessels in the brain. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing future attacks through medication and lifestyle changes.

Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures, which are sudden surges of electrical activity in the brain. It can affect individuals of any age, manifesting in various seizure types, from brief absence seizures to prolonged tonic-clonic seizures. The condition may stem from genetic disorders, brain injury, stroke, or infections. Diagnosing epilepsy involves a thorough evaluation, including EEG monitoring and brain imaging. Treatment typically includes anti-seizure medications, and in some cases, surgery or neurostimulation, aimed at controlling seizures to improve quality of life and reduce the risk of complications.

Stroke

Stroke is a serious medical condition resulting from the interruption of blood flow to a part of the brain, leading to cell death and potentially permanent damage. Symptoms can include sudden weakness or numbness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body, confusion, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, and loss of balance. Strokes require immediate medical attention to minimize brain damage and potential complications. Treatment options vary depending on the stroke type, including medication to dissolve clots for ischemic strokes or surgery to repair or remove blood vessels for hemorrhagic strokes.

Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s Disease is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement. It develops gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Although tremors are common, the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement. Parkinson’s symptoms result from a decrease in dopamine production in the brain. There’s no cure, but treatment options such as medication and surgical therapy can significantly manage symptoms. A multidisciplinary approach, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, is essential for maintaining quality of life.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the protective covering of nerves in the central nervous system, disrupting communication between the brain and body. This can result in a wide range of symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems. MS symptoms vary widely and may include fatigue, difficulty walking, numbness or weakness, muscle spasms, and cognitive changes. There is no cure for MS, but treatments can help manage symptoms and slow disease progression. These include disease-modifying therapies, symptom management medications, and comprehensive rehabilitative services to support physical and emotional well-being.

• A thorough neurological examination will assess your cognitive function, motor skills, balance, and sensory response.
• MRI scans are crucial for visualizing the brain and spinal cord, aiding in diagnosing conditions like MS and stroke.
• CT scans provide detailed images of the brain, useful for identifying hemorrhages, tumors, and other structural abnormalities.
• Blood tests can reveal genetic markers and abnormalities linked to neurological conditions. Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) tests cerebrospinal fluid for inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system.
• Electroencephalogram (EEG) records brain’s electrical activity, diagnosing epilepsy and other seizure disorders.
• Electromyography (EMG) evaluates the electrical activity of muscle cells, helping diagnose muscle and nerve disorders.

• Medication management for conditions like epilepsy, migraines, and MS, aiming to control symptoms and prevent progression.
• Surgical interventions for certain conditions, such as deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease and corrective surgery for epilepsy.
• Physical therapy to improve mobility, strength, and function in conditions like MS and Parkinson’s Disease.
• Lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise, to support overall health and mitigate symptoms.
• Cognitive behavioral therapy and counseling to address the psychological impacts of living with a neurological condition.
• Rehabilitation services, including occupational and speech therapy, to enhance daily living skills and communication.
• Regular monitoring and adjustments to treatment plans based on disease progression and response to therapy.

• Schedule regular follow-up visits to monitor condition changes and treatment effectiveness.
• Engage in physical and cognitive exercises to maintain function and slow disease progression.
• Join support groups for emotional support and to share experiences with others facing similar challenges.
• Implement dietary changes and nutritional supplements as recommended to support nerve health and reduce inflammation.
• Stay informed about new treatments and research developments in the field of neurology. Develop a comprehensive care plan that includes medical, physical, and emotional support services.
• Practice stress-reduction techniques, such as meditation and yoga, to help manage symptoms and improve overall well-being.

• You will discuss your medical history, symptoms, and any concerns with a neurologist. A detailed neurological examination will be conducted to assess your neurological function.
• Diagnostic tests may be ordered to determine the cause of your symptoms. You will receive a personalized treatment plan tailored to your specific condition and needs.
• Education on your condition, treatment options, and management strategies will be provided.
• You may be referred to specialists for additional evaluations or treatments.
• Follow-up appointments will be scheduled to monitor your progress and adjust treatments as necessary.
• Support services, including rehabilitation and counseling, will be recommended to support your overall well-being.
• You will be encouraged to ask questions and express any concerns you have about your diagnosis or treatment plan.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) encompasses a range of conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech, and nonverbal communication. The symptoms and severity of ASD can vary widely; some children may require significant support in their daily lives, while others may live independently. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for improving communication skills, social interactions, and educational outcomes. Treatment is highly personalized, often involving behavioral therapy, speech therapy, and educational support, focusing on maximizing the child’s strengths and promoting their development.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children, manifesting as persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. ADHD can affect a child’s performance in school, social interactions, and family life. Early identification and intervention are key to managing ADHD effectively. Treatment strategies may include behavioral therapy, educational accommodations, and sometimes medication to help control symptoms. Parental education and support play vital roles in treatment, as strategies for managing behavior at home and in school are crucial for a child’s success.

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood. Symptoms vary among individuals but can include muscle stiffness or floppiness, poor coordination, tremors, involuntary movements, and delayed motor skill development. CP is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. While there’s no cure for CP, treatment options such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and sometimes surgery can significantly improve a child’s quality of life. Early intervention with supportive therapies can optimize mobility, independence, and participation in daily activities.

Epilepsy in Children

Epilepsy in children involves the same recurrent, unprovoked seizures seen in adults but requires specialized consideration of pediatric factors for management and treatment. Seizures in children may result from genetic conditions, brain malformations, or injury, and can significantly impact development and quality of life. Diagnosis typically involves EEG monitoring and neuroimaging to identify seizure types and potential causes. Treatment includes anti-seizure medications tailored to the child’s specific needs, and in some cases, dietary therapies, nerve stimulation, or epilepsy surgery. Early and effective management is critical to help children achieve their developmental milestones and reduce the impact of epilepsy on their lives.

Neurogenetic Disorders

Neurogenetic disorders in children are a group of conditions caused by genetic mutations that affect the nervous system’s development and function. These disorders can range from relatively mild learning disabilities to severe neurological impairments. Common examples include Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, and Rett syndrome. Diagnosis often involves genetic testing along with neurological evaluation. While there’s no cure for many neurogenetic disorders, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and supporting development. This may include physical therapy, speech therapy, special educational services, and medications to address specific symptoms, aiming to enhance the child’s abilities and quality of life.

• A comprehensive developmental history and physical examination will be the first steps in diagnosing neurological conditions in children.
• Genetic testing can identify chromosomal abnormalities linked to neurogenetic disorders like Down syndrome and Fragile X syndrome.
• Neuroimaging techniques, such as MRI and CT scans, are used to visualize brain structure and identify abnormalities contributing to conditions like cerebral palsy.
• EEG is essential for diagnosing epilepsy, capturing electrical activity in the brain that indicates seizure disorders.
• Behavioral assessments and questionnaires help diagnose ADHD and autism by evaluating symptoms consistent with these conditions.
• Neuropsychological testing assesses cognitive function and can pinpoint specific learning disabilities or developmental delays.
• Early intervention assessments determine the specific needs of children with developmental disorders, guiding appropriate therapy and support services.

• Behavioral therapy is a cornerstone for treating ADHD and autism, focusing on improving communication, social skills, and behavior management.
• Medications may be prescribed to manage seizures in epilepsy, attention issues in ADHD, and muscle spasticity in cerebral palsy.
• Physical and occupational therapy are critical for children with cerebral palsy and other motor disorders, aiming to enhance mobility and daily function.
• Speech therapy supports children with autism, cerebral palsy, and neurogenetic disorders, improving communication skills and language development.
• Special educational programs and accommodations ensure that children with neurological disorders receive appropriate support in school settings.
• Dietary interventions, such as the ketogenic diet, have been effective in managing epilepsy in some children.
• Surgical interventions, including orthopedic surgery for cerebral palsy and epilepsy surgery for drug-resistant seizures, are considered when conservative treatments are insufficient.

• Regular monitoring and evaluations with a pediatric neurologist are essential to adjust treatments as the child grows and develops.
• Engaging in early intervention programs provides access to therapies that support developmental milestones and educational achievement.
• Families should seek support from community resources and advocacy groups to navigate the challenges of raising a child with a neurological disorder.
• Implementing structured routines and positive reinforcement techniques can significantly benefit children with ADHD and autism.
• Educational plans, including Individualized Education Programs (IEPs), tailor learning experiences to meet the needs of children with neurological conditions.
• Caregivers should be educated on emergency care for seizures and other acute symptoms associated with neurological disorders.
• Psychological support for the child and family helps manage the emotional and social impacts of living with a chronic neurological condition.

• The pediatric neurologist will conduct a detailed interview about the child’s medical history, developmental milestones, and presenting symptoms.
• A comprehensive neurological examination will assess motor skills, reflexes, cognitive abilities, and sensory responses. Specific diagnostic tests, including genetic screening or EEG, may be scheduled to pinpoint the underlying cause of the child’s symptoms.
• Treatment options will be discussed, emphasizing a multidisciplinary approach tailored to the child’s individual needs.
• The neurologist will provide guidance on managing the condition at home, including medication administration, therapy exercises, and educational strategies.
• Referrals to specialized therapists, such as speech or occupational therapists, might be made to address specific developmental needs.
• Follow-up appointments will be planned to monitor progress, with adjustments to the treatment plan as necessary.
• Families will receive support and resources to help understand and cope with their child’s condition, ensuring they are not navigating the journey alone.

Brain Tumors

Brain tumors can range from benign (non-cancerous) to malignant (cancerous), affecting various parts of the brain and nervous system. Symptoms often include headaches, seizures, vision changes, and cognitive or personality changes, depending on the tumor’s location. Our approach to treating brain tumors involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, tailored to the tumor type, size, and location, as well as the patient’s overall health. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment, aiming to remove or reduce the tumor while minimizing impact on brain function.

Spinal Cord Tumors

Spinal cord tumors, growths that develop within or near the spinal cord, can disrupt the communication between the brain and the body, leading to pain, weakness, and loss of function. Treatment strategies include surgical removal, radiation therapy, and sometimes chemotherapy, depending on the tumor’s nature and exact location. Our goal is to alleviate symptoms, restore function, and prevent further neurological damage. Collaborating closely with specialists in neurosurgery, oncology, and rehabilitation, we provide personalized care plans that address the complex needs of patients with spinal cord tumors.

Metastatic Brain Tumors

Metastatic brain tumors originate from cancer cells that have spread to the brain from other parts of the body. These tumors often represent a significant treatment challenge, requiring coordinated care across oncology and neurology disciplines. Our treatment approach may include surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic therapies targeted at the primary cancer site, aiming to control growth and relieve symptoms. We emphasize the importance of a tailored treatment plan, focusing on maintaining quality of life and neurological function while addressing the underlying cancer.

Pediatric Brain Tumors

Pediatric brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children and require specialized treatment approaches that consider the child’s developing brain and long-term health. Our pediatric neuro-oncology team works closely with families to develop treatment plans that may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with a strong emphasis on minimizing long-term cognitive and physical side effects. Supportive care, including rehabilitation and educational services, is integral to our approach, ensuring that children not only survive but thrive after treatment, with the best possible quality of life.

Leptomeningeal Disease

Leptomeningeal disease involves the spread of cancer cells to the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, leading to multifaceted neurological symptoms. Managing this condition requires a sophisticated treatment approach that can include chemotherapy administered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, radiation therapy, and targeted systemic treatments. Our team prioritizes comprehensive diagnostic assessments to tailor treatment effectively, aiming to control symptoms and improve quality of life. Support from neurology, oncology, and palliative care specialists is crucial in addressing the complex challenges faced by patients with leptomeningeal disease.

• You will undergo a detailed neurological examination to assess symptoms and identify any neurological deficits.
• You’ll receive MRI or CT scans to provide detailed images of the brain or spinal cord, helping us pinpoint the location and size of the tumor.
• We might recommend a biopsy performed to determine the tumor’s type and grade, guiding our treatment decisions.
• You’ll undergo blood tests to check for markers that might indicate the presence of cancer or help in managing your treatment.
• We will consider lumbar puncture procedures if leptomeningeal disease is suspected, allowing us to analyze cerebrospinal fluid for cancer cells.

• We may opt for surgical interventions to remove the tumor or reduce its size, aiming to alleviate symptoms and improve neurological function.
• You could undergo radiation therapy, including precision techniques like stereotactic radiosurgery, targeting the tumor while sparing surrounding healthy tissue.
• We might explore chemotherapy options, using drugs that can cross the blood-brain barrier to reach tumors in the central nervous system.
• Targeted therapy and immunotherapy could be part of your treatment, especially for specific tumor types or genetic profiles.
• We’ll incorporate supportive care measures to manage symptoms and side effects, ensuring you maintain the best possible quality of life during treatment.

• We’ll schedule regular follow-ups to monitor your condition, adjust treatments, and address any new symptoms or concerns.
• We will work on maintaining a balanced diet and staying as active as possible, supporting your overall health and well-being.
• We’ll explore rehabilitation services, including physical, occupational, and speech therapy, to help you regain function and independence.
• You’ll have access to psychological support and counseling to navigate the emotional challenges of a neuro-oncology diagnosis.
• We’ll connect you with support groups and resources, providing a community of support for you and your family.

• You’ll discuss your symptoms, medical history, and any concerns with us, providing a comprehensive view of your health.
• We will conduct a thorough physical and neurological examination to assess your condition.
• You might need to undergo diagnostic tests during your visit or shortly after, including imaging studies or a biopsy.
• We’ll review your diagnosis and discuss all available treatment options, considering your needs and preferences.
• We may need to develop a personalized treatment plan, outlining the steps, potential side effects, and expected outcomes.
• We’ll provide information on support services and resources to help you and your family cope with the diagnosis and treatment process.
• Follow-up appointments will be planned to monitor your progress and make any necessary adjustments to your treatment plan.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness, loss of motor function, and, eventually, difficulty breathing and swallowing. Our approach to managing ALS focuses on slowing disease progression and maximizing patient quality of life through multidisciplinary care, including physical therapy, respiratory support, and nutritional management. We also explore medication options and participate in clinical trials to seek new treatments, ensuring our patients have access to the latest advances in ALS care.

Muscular Dystrophy

Muscular Dystrophy encompasses a group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement. We tailor our treatment plans to the specific type of muscular dystrophy our patients have, incorporating physical and occupational therapy to maintain muscle strength and function, orthopedic interventions to address skeletal deformities, and respiratory and cardiac care to manage complications. Our goal is to support our patients in achieving the highest possible level of independence and quality of life, while also offering genetic counseling for families affected by these conditions.

Peripheral Neuropathy

Peripheral Neuropathy involves damage to the peripheral nerves, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness, primarily in the hands and feet. Our treatment strategies focus on identifying and managing the underlying cause of neuropathy, whether it’s diabetic neuropathy, toxic exposure, or an autoimmune condition, alongside symptom management through medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. We emphasize patient education on foot care and injury prevention, and provide support for coping with the challenges of chronic pain and sensory loss, aiming to improve overall function and well-being.

Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles, due to a breakdown in the normal communication between nerves and muscles. Our comprehensive care approach includes medications to improve neuromuscular transmission, immunosuppressive therapy to manage the autoimmune response, and in some cases, surgical removal of the thymus gland. We closely monitor our patients for symptoms and adjust treatments as needed, offering support for managing daily activities and reducing the impact of the disease on their lives.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurological disorder in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves, leading to rapid-onset muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis. Our immediate focus in treating GBS is to reduce the severity of the immune attack through plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, followed by supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Rehabilitation plays a crucial role in recovery, helping patients regain strength and mobility. We provide a supportive and encouraging environment, guiding our patients and their families through the recovery process.

• We’ll have comprehensive neurological evaluations to identify signs of muscle weakness, sensory deficits, and impaired reflexes.
• You’ll undergo nerve conduction studies and electromyography (EMG) to assess the health of your muscles and the nerves controlling them.
• We might get blood tests to look for markers of autoimmune conditions, genetic disorders, and other underlying causes of neuromuscular symptoms.
• Muscle or nerve biopsies could be performed to diagnose specific types of muscular dystrophy or neuropathies.
• Imaging studies, such as MRI, may be recommended to visualize muscle and nerve tissues for any abnormalities.

• We may explore medications that can improve muscle strength, manage pain, or modify immune system activity, depending on your specific condition.
• Physical and occupational therapy will be integral to maintaining your mobility and daily functioning, customized to your abilities and needs.
• You and we might consider advanced treatments like plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for conditions like Myasthenia Gravis and GBS.
• We’ll discuss lifestyle adjustments that can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life, including diet and exercise modifications.
• Surgical options, such as thymectomy for Myasthenia Gravis, may be recommended if you’re a suitable candidate.

• We’ll establish a routine for regular check-ups to monitor your condition and adjust treatments as necessary.
• Together, we’ll develop a physical therapy plan to strengthen muscles and prevent contractures.
• You and we will work on strategies to manage pain and discomfort, which may include medication, physical therapy, or alternative therapies.
• We’ll ensure you have access to assistive devices that can help with mobility and daily tasks, enhancing your independence.
• Nutritional counseling and support will be available to help you maintain optimal health and manage weight, which is crucial for people with muscle weakness.

• We’ll review your medical history and conduct a detailed examination to evaluate muscle strength, reflexes, and sensory function.
• You’ll discuss your symptoms and how they impact your daily life, helping us understand your challenges.
• We might order diagnostic tests during your visit, such as nerve conduction studies, blood tests, or imaging, to help pinpoint your condition.
• Together, we’ll explore treatment options and create a personalized care plan that addresses your specific needs and goals.
• You’ll receive information about managing your condition at home, including exercise recommendations, dietary advice, and strategies for coping with symptoms.
• We’ll schedule follow-up appointments to assess your progress and make any necessary adjustments to your treatment plan.
• Support services, including physical therapy and counseling, will be recommended to support your overall well-being and adjustment to living with a neuromuscular condition.

Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures resulting from abnormal brain activity. Our approach to epilepsy care includes a thorough evaluation to classify seizure types and identify underlying causes. Treatment options are personalized, ranging from antiepileptic medications to dietary therapies, such as the ketogenic diet. For drug-resistant epilepsy, we explore surgical options like resective surgery or the implantation of neurostimulation devices. Our multidisciplinary team works closely with patients to manage side effects, reduce seizure frequency, and enhance overall well-being, empowering individuals to lead active, fulfilling lives despite their condition.

Seizure Disorders

Seizure disorders encompass a broad range of conditions beyond epilepsy, including provoked seizures caused by medical conditions or substances. Our focus is on accurate diagnosis and management, distinguishing between epileptic seizures and those due to other factors. Treatment is tailored to the individual’s needs, addressing the root cause of provoked seizures and employing antiepileptic drugs or lifestyle modifications for epileptic conditions. We prioritize education on seizure first aid and safety measures, ensuring patients and their families are equipped to handle seizures effectively, minimizing risk and promoting independence.

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a cornerstone in the diagnosis and management of epilepsy and other neurological conditions, measuring the electrical activity of the brain. We utilize EEG to identify patterns indicative of epilepsy, guide treatment decisions, and monitor response to therapy. Our clinical neurophysiology lab is equipped with the latest technology, including video EEG monitoring for comprehensive assessment. This allows us to capture seizures in real-time, providing invaluable insights into their origin and behavior, which is essential for accurate diagnosis and determining the most effective treatment strategies.

Evoked Potentials

Evoked potentials are diagnostic tests that measure the electrical activity of the brain in response to stimuli, used to evaluate sensory and neural pathways. We employ visual, auditory, and somatosensory evoked potentials to diagnose conditions affecting the visual and auditory nerves, as well as the spinal cord and brainstem. These tests are crucial for detecting demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis, verifying nerve damage, and assessing neurological function. Our expertise in clinical neurophysiology ensures precise interpretation of evoked potentials, contributing to comprehensive diagnostic evaluations and guiding treatment planning.

Nerve Conduction Studies and Electromyography (EMG)

Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) and Electromyography (EMG) are essential tools in evaluating the health of peripheral nerves and muscles. We use these tests to diagnose disorders such as peripheral neuropathies, muscle diseases, and conditions affecting the connection between nerves and muscles. By measuring the speed and strength of electrical signals in nerves and muscles, we can identify abnormalities, guide treatment, and monitor progression or improvement. Our commitment to integrating these diagnostic techniques into patient care ensures accurate diagnoses, enabling targeted treatment strategies that address the specific needs of individuals with neuromuscular conditions.

• You will undergo EEG testing to capture and analyze our brain’s electrical activity, identifying patterns that may indicate epilepsy or other neurological conditions.
• You and I will participate in a detailed seizure history review, including types, triggers, and frequencies, to aid in accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
• We might need evoked potential tests to assess our sensory pathways and nerve function, providing insights into potential neurological disorders.
• Nerve conduction studies and EMG will help us evaluate the health of our peripheral nerves and muscles, diagnosing conditions that affect neuromuscular transmission.
• Advanced imaging, like MRI, may be utilized to visualize structural brain abnormalities contributing to seizure disorders or affecting neurological function.

• Together, we’ll explore various antiepileptic medications to find the most effective regimen with the fewest side effects for our epilepsy management.
• We might consider dietary therapies, such as the ketogenic diet, which have been shown to reduce seizure frequency in some of us.
• For drug-resistant epilepsy, surgical options, including resective surgery or vagus nerve stimulation, could offer us significant relief.
• We will discuss lifestyle modifications that can help manage seizure triggers, including stress reduction techniques and sleep hygiene.
• Ongoing monitoring with EEG and regular follow-ups will enable us to adjust our treatment plan as needed, ensuring optimal control of our condition.

• We’ll establish a routine for regular medication intake and follow-up appointments to monitor our epilepsy or neurophysiological condition’s progression.
• Together, we’ll develop a seizure action plan, including safety measures and first-aid steps, to ensure we and our families are prepared.
• We will stay informed about the latest treatments and research in epilepsy and clinical neurophysiology, considering participation in clinical trials.
• We’ll engage in support groups and educational programs to better understand our condition and connect with others sharing similar experiences.
• Lifestyle adjustments, including regular exercise and a healthy diet, will be part of our management plan, aiming to improve overall well-being and potentially reduce seizure frequency.

• During our visit, we’ll share our detailed medical history and describe our seizures or symptoms, aiding in the diagnostic process.
• You and I will undergo neurological examinations to assess our cognitive functions, motor abilities, and sensory responses.
• We might spend time in an EEG lab for diagnostic testing, possibly including extended monitoring with video EEG.
• Our neurologist will discuss potential diagnoses and outline a personalized treatment plan, taking into account our lifestyle and preferences.
• We’ll receive education on managing our condition, including medication management, lifestyle changes, and emergency seizure protocols.
• Follow-up visits will be scheduled to assess the effectiveness of our treatment and make any necessary adjustments.
• You and I will be encouraged to ask questions and express concerns, ensuring we fully understand our condition and how to manage it.

Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic Stroke occurs when a blood clot obstructs a vessel supplying blood to the brain, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. We prioritize rapid diagnosis and treatment, including clot-busting medication (tPA) and mechanical thrombectomy, to restore blood flow as quickly as possible. Post-stroke care focuses on preventing complications, managing risk factors like hypertension and atrial fibrillation, and initiating rehabilitation to recover as much function as possible. Our multidisciplinary team works together to tailor a recovery plan that addresses the unique challenges and goals of each patient, supporting their journey back to independence.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Hemorrhagic Stroke results from a ruptured blood vessel in the brain, leading to bleeding that damages brain cells. Our treatment approach includes controlling blood pressure, managing symptoms, and, in some cases, surgical interventions to remove the blood or repair the damaged vessel. We closely monitor patients in the acute phase to prevent further bleeding and reduce pressure in the brain. Rehabilitation begins early, focusing on restoring mobility, speech, and cognitive functions. Our comprehensive care plan also involves addressing underlying conditions such as aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) that may have contributed to the stroke.

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), often called a “mini-stroke,” is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, causing short-lived stroke-like symptoms. TIAs are critical warning signs of a potential future stroke and require immediate evaluation to identify and manage risk factors. Our approach includes antithrombotic therapy, lifestyle modifications, and, if necessary, surgical procedures to prevent a full-blown stroke. We emphasize the importance of patient education on recognizing stroke symptoms and acting fast, as well as implementing changes to reduce stroke risk, such as controlling blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol levels.

Carotid Artery Disease

Carotid Artery Disease involves the narrowing or blockage of the carotid arteries, which are major blood vessels supplying blood to the brain. This condition significantly increases the risk of stroke. Our treatment strategy focuses on reducing this risk through medication to lower cholesterol and blood pressure, lifestyle changes, and, in severe cases, surgical interventions like carotid endarterectomy or stenting to restore proper blood flow. We work closely with patients to monitor the progression of the disease, offering personalized advice on diet, exercise, and smoking cessation to improve vascular health and prevent stroke.

Cerebral Aneurysms

Cerebral Aneurysms are weakened, bulging sections of blood vessels in the brain that pose a risk for rupture and hemorrhagic stroke. Our approach to managing aneurysms depends on their size, location, and risk of rupture, ranging from careful monitoring to surgical clipping or endovascular coiling to prevent bleeding. We assess each patient’s risk factors and symptoms to determine the most appropriate treatment, focusing on preventing an aneurysm rupture while minimizing intervention risks. Patient education on symptom recognition and emergency response is also crucial in our care strategy.

• We’ll undergo imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRIs, to visualize our brain’s structure and identify any signs of stroke or vascular abnormalities.
• Carotid ultrasound will be used to assess the blood flow in our carotid arteries, detecting any narrowing or blockages that could increase our risk of stroke.
• You and I may have an echocardiogram to check for heart conditions that could lead to stroke, such as atrial fibrillation.
• We’ll participate in blood tests to evaluate our cholesterol levels, blood clotting factors, and other markers that could contribute to stroke risk.
• For cases like cerebral aneurysms, angiography might be recommended to provide a detailed view of our brain’s blood vessels, helping to plan treatment.

• If we experience an ischemic stroke, we may receive clot-busting drugs or undergo mechanical thrombectomy to remove the clot and restore blood flow to our brain.
• In the event of a hemorrhagic stroke, we might need surgery to remove the blood or repair the ruptured blood vessel, along with medication to control our blood pressure.
• To prevent future strokes, we’ll adopt lifestyle changes, such as improving our diet, increasing physical activity, and quitting smoking, if applicable. We may be prescribed medications to manage risk factors, including antihypertensives, statins, and anticoagulants, tailored to our specific needs.
• For conditions like carotid artery disease and cerebral aneurysms, surgical interventions such as endarterectomy, stenting, or coiling could be considered to prevent stroke.

• We will engage in rehabilitation programs that include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, aiming to recover as much function and independence as possible.
• We will monitor our blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose levels regularly, adjusting our medication as necessary to keep these risk factors under control.
• We will participate in educational sessions to learn more about our condition, recognizing warning signs, and when to seek immediate medical attention.
• Implementing stress reduction techniques and finding support groups can help us cope with the emotional and psychological impacts of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases.
• We will have regular follow-up visits with our healthcare team to assess our progress, make necessary adjustments to our treatment plan, and prevent recurrence.

• At our visit, we’ll share a comprehensive medical history and describe any symptoms or events, like TIAs, that we’ve experienced.
• We will undergo a detailed physical and neurological examination to evaluate our strength, coordination, speech, and sensory function.
• Based on our initial assessment, you and I may be referred for diagnostic imaging or tests to clarify our condition and guide treatment.
• Our healthcare provider will discuss the diagnosis with us, explaining the type of stroke or cerebrovascular condition we have and its implications.
• We will collaboratively develop a treatment plan that may include medication, lifestyle changes, and possibly surgical options, considering our overall health and preferences.
• Before leaving, we’ll schedule any necessary follow-up appointments and discuss strategies for managing our condition at home, including medication management and lifestyle adjustments.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) occurs when an external force injures the brain, ranging from mild concussions to severe brain damage. Our approach to TBI includes immediate assessment and stabilization, followed by interventions to control intracranial pressure and prevent secondary injury. Rehabilitation starts early, tailored to each patient’s needs, to support recovery of motor, cognitive, and emotional functions. We emphasize the importance of family involvement in the care process, providing education and support as patients navigate their recovery journey. Our goal is to maximize independence and quality of life for TBI survivors through personalized, comprehensive care plans.

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of stroke caused by bleeding into the space surrounding the brain, often due to a ruptured aneurysm. Our treatment strategy for SAH focuses on securing the aneurysm to prevent rebleeding, managing brain swelling, and treating complications such as hydrocephalus and vasospasm. Multidisciplinary care involving neurosurgeons, neurologists, and rehabilitation specialists is critical to address the complex needs of SAH patients. Our aim is to stabilize the patient, minimize neurological damage, and provide a foundation for recovery, utilizing advanced surgical techniques and comprehensive supportive care.

Acute Ischemic Stroke

Acute Ischemic Stroke requires rapid intervention to restore blood flow to the brain and limit brain tissue damage. In our neurocritical care unit, we utilize clot-busting medications and endovascular procedures, such as thrombectomy, to remove blood clots promptly. Continuous monitoring and management of neurological status, hydration, nutrition, and prevention of secondary complications are integral to our care approach. We collaborate closely with rehabilitation teams to initiate early mobilization and therapy, aiming to enhance functional recovery. Our focus is on providing timely, effective treatments and supporting patients and their families through the acute phase and beyond.

Status Epilepticus

Status Epilepticus is a neurological emergency characterized by prolonged or repeated seizures without recovery between episodes. Our immediate goal is to stop the seizures as quickly as possible to prevent long-term brain damage, using intravenous antiepileptic drugs and, when necessary, intensive care support, including ventilation. We investigate and address underlying causes, such as metabolic imbalances or infections, while providing comprehensive care to maintain vital functions and support the brain’s recovery. Our multidisciplinary team ensures continuous monitoring and personalized care, focusing on stabilizing the patient and preventing recurrence.

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) involves damage to the spinal cord that affects motor, sensory, and autonomic function below the level of injury. Our neurocritical care approach prioritizes rapid assessment, stabilization of the spine, and surgical interventions if needed to decompress the spinal cord. Early initiation of rehabilitation, pain management, and strategies to prevent complications are central to our care philosophy. We aim to maximize neurological recovery and adapt to changes in function, providing patients with the tools and support needed to achieve the best possible independence and quality of life after SCI.

• We will undergo advanced imaging, like CT scans and MRIs, to accurately assess and diagnose our neurological condition.
• Lumbar punctures may be performed on us to evaluate cerebrospinal fluid, especially in cases suspected of infection or SAH.
• Continuous EEG monitoring will be utilized to detect and manage seizures or status epilepticus, ensuring immediate treatment adjustments.
• We will benefit from comprehensive neurological examinations to monitor our consciousness and neurological function throughout our stay in the neurocritical care unit.
• Blood tests will be conducted regularly to identify any underlying causes or complications related to our neurological condition, guiding appropriate interventions.

• Intravenous medications will be administered to us for immediate management of conditions like status epilepticus or acute ischemic stroke.
• Surgical interventions, such as craniotomy or decompression surgery, may be necessary to relieve pressure on our brain or repair damaged structures.
• We might undergo endovascular procedures to treat conditions like aneurysms or acute ischemic stroke, aiming to restore normal blood flow and prevent further damage.
• Rehabilitation therapies, including physical, occupational, and speech therapy, will start early in our care to support our recovery and maximize our functional abilities.
• Supportive care measures, such as ventilatory support, nutritional management, and prevention of secondary complications, will be integral to our treatment in the neurocritical care unit.

• We will participate in a personalized rehabilitation program designed to address our specific deficits and promote recovery.
• Regular follow-up appointments with our neurocritical care team will help monitor our progress and adjust treatments as needed.
• We will be educated on recognizing signs of complications or deterioration, ensuring prompt intervention to prevent further neurological damage.
• Lifestyle modifications and secondary prevention strategies will be discussed with us to reduce the risk of future neurological events.
• Support groups and psychological counseling may be offered to help us and our families cope with the challenges and emotional impact of our condition.

• Upon arrival, we’ll undergo a rapid assessment to determine the severity and nature of our neurological condition.
• Immediate interventions or diagnostic tests, such as imaging or EEG, will be initiated based on our presenting symptoms.
• Our treatment plan will be discussed with us and our families, outlining the steps and goals of our care in the neurocritical unit.
• We will be closely monitored for changes in our condition, with adjustments made to our treatment as necessary.
• Education on our condition, recovery process, and long-term management will be provided to ensure we understand every aspect of our care.
• As we progress, we’ll engage in rehabilitation and recovery planning, including setting goals and planning for discharge and outpatient care.

Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s Disease is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by tremors, stiffness, slowness of movement, and balance difficulties. Our treatment strategy focuses on medication management to replenish dopamine levels and alleviate symptoms. For patients with advanced Parkinson’s or those unresponsive to medication, surgical options like deep brain stimulation (DBS) offer an alternative to improve quality of life. Alongside medical treatments, we emphasize physical therapy, exercise, and nutrition to enhance overall well-being. Our multidisciplinary team collaborates to provide comprehensive support, ensuring patients and their families are equipped to manage the disease effectively.

Essential Tremor

Essential Tremor is one of the most common movement disorders, presenting as involuntary, rhythmic shaking, especially in the hands. Our approach includes medications such as beta-blockers and anticonvulsants to control tremor intensity. For cases where medication is not effective, we consider surgical treatments like deep brain stimulation (DBS) or focused ultrasound thalamotomy. Lifestyle modifications and adaptive devices also play a crucial role in helping patients perform daily activities with greater ease. We are committed to finding the right balance of treatments to significantly reduce tremors and improve our patients’ quality of life.

Dystonia

Dystonia involves involuntary muscle contractions that cause repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Treatment for dystonia is highly personalized, often starting with medications to reduce symptoms. Botulinum toxin injections are particularly effective for focal dystonias, targeting specific muscles to relieve contractions. In select cases, deep brain stimulation (DBS) provides an alternative for those not responding to other treatments. We also incorporate physical and occupational therapy to enhance mobility and function. Our goal is to manage symptoms effectively, allowing patients to lead more comfortable and independent lives.

Huntington’s Disease

Huntington’s Disease is a genetic disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain, leading to movement, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. While there’s no cure, our treatment focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Medications can help control movement problems and psychiatric conditions. We also offer supportive therapies, such as physical, occupational, and speech therapy, to address mobility and communication challenges. Genetic counseling is available for patients and their families, providing information and support for coping with this hereditary condition. Our comprehensive care team is dedicated to supporting patients throughout their journey with Huntington’s Disease.

Ataxia

Ataxia refers to a group of disorders that affect coordination, balance, and speech. Treatment is tailored to the underlying cause of ataxia, which may include genetic conditions, stroke, or vitamin deficiencies. Physical therapy is a cornerstone of ataxia management, aiming to improve mobility and prevent falls. Occupational therapy helps patients adapt to daily living challenges, enhancing independence. Speech therapy is offered to address communication difficulties. Our integrated approach ensures that patients receive holistic care, addressing the physical and emotional aspects of living with ataxia.

• We’ll undergo neurological examinations to evaluate our movement, balance, and coordination, identifying specific movement disorder characteristics.
• Genetic testing may be recommended for conditions like Huntington’s Disease, helping us understand our risk and inform family planning decisions.
• You and I will have imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans, to visualize brain structure and identify abnormalities related to our symptoms.
• Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies can assess muscle activity and nerve function, contributing to our diagnosis. We may participate in specialized tests, like dopamine transporter (DAT) scans for Parkinson’s Disease, to observe dopamine system function in the brain.

• Medications will be tailored to our specific movement disorder, aiming to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
• Surgical interventions, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), might be considered for those of us with advanced Parkinson’s Disease or essential tremor unresponsive to medication.
• Physical therapy sessions will focus on strengthening exercises and balance training to help us maintain mobility and reduce the risk of falls.
• Occupational therapy will provide strategies and adaptive devices to assist us in daily activities, promoting independence.
• Speech therapy may be offered to address communication challenges, especially for conditions affecting speech and swallowing.

• We willestablish a regular exercise routine, as physical activity is known to improve symptoms and overall well-being in movement disorders.
• We will regularly review and adjust our medication regimen with our healthcare provider to ensure optimal symptom management.
• Support groups and counseling services can offer emotional support and practical advice, helping us navigate the challenges of living with a movement disorder.
• We will stay informed about the latest research and treatment options, potentially participating in clinical trials offering access to new therapies.
• Nutritional guidance will be sought to ensure a balanced diet that supports brain health and manages medication side effects.

• Our initial consultation will include a detailed discussion of our symptoms, medical history, and any family history of movement disorders.
• A comprehensive neurological assessment will be performed to evaluate our movement patterns, muscle strength, and reflexes.
• Diagnostic tests, such as blood work, imaging, or genetic testing, may be scheduled to pinpoint the cause of our symptoms.
• We’ll explore treatment options with our healthcare provider, discussing the benefits and potential side effects of each approach.
• A personalized care plan will be developed, including medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes tailored to our specific needs.
• Follow-up appointments will be planned to monitor our progress, adjust treatment as necessary, and address any new concerns.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s Disease is the most common cause of dementia, characterized by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. Our approach includes medications to slow disease progression and manage symptoms, coupled with supportive interventions to enhance daily living. We emphasize the importance of a structured environment, cognitive stimulation, and physical activity to support brain health. Family education and support are crucial, as caregiving plays a significant role in the patient’s quality of life. Our multidisciplinary team provides resources and strategies to help families navigate the complexities of Alzheimer’s care, aiming to maximize patient independence for as long as possible.

Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)

Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) encompasses a group of brain disorders affecting personality, behavior, and language. Our care strategy for FTD focuses on symptom management through behavioral interventions and medication to address mood and behavioral changes. We work closely with patients and families to develop communication strategies and coping mechanisms, addressing the unique challenges of FTD. Support groups and counseling services offer additional resources for families. While there’s no cure for FTD, our comprehensive care approach aims to improve life quality for patients and provide crucial support to families coping with the disease’s impact.

Vascular Dementia

Vascular Dementia, the second most common form of dementia, results from reduced blood flow to the brain, leading to cognitive impairments. Our treatment approach targets the underlying vascular conditions to prevent further damage, alongside cognitive rehabilitation to improve symptoms. We advocate for a heart-healthy lifestyle, including diet, exercise, and smoking cessation, to reduce stroke risk and slow cognitive decline. Cognitive therapies and activities tailored to the individual’s abilities are integrated into our care plan, supporting cognitive function and enhancing daily life. Our team also focuses on educating families about managing vascular dementia and optimizing the patient’s environment.

Lewy Body Dementia (LBD)

Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) is characterized by abnormal protein deposits in the brain, leading to symptoms like visual hallucinations, movement disorders, and cognitive fluctuations. Our management of LBD includes medications to address cognitive symptoms and parkinsonism, as well as non-pharmacological strategies to manage behavioral changes. We prioritize patient safety, addressing sleep disturbances and potential falls. Our holistic approach also involves support for caregivers, providing them with the tools and knowledge to manage the complex symptoms of LBD effectively. Engaging patients in structured activities and social interactions is key to maintaining their quality of life. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) represents an early stage of cognitive decline that is more pronounced than normal aging but not as severe as dementia. Our focus is on early diagnosis and intervention to potentially slow progression to Alzheimer’s disease or other dementias. Lifestyle modifications, including mental and physical exercise, are encouraged to support cognitive health. We explore cognitive training and memory strategies to enhance daily functioning. Regular monitoring and assessments allow us to adjust care plans as needed, with an emphasis on supporting patients and families through education and resources tailored to living with MCI.

• We’ll perform detailed cognitive assessments to evaluate your memory, attention, language, and other cognitive functions, helping us understand the specific challenges you’re facing.
• You’ll undergo brain imaging, such as MRI or CT scans, to identify any structural changes in your brain that could be contributing to your symptoms.
• We may recommend neuropsychological testing, which allows us to deeply assess your cognitive abilities and tailor our treatment approach to your needs.
• You might need blood tests or lumbar puncture procedures to rule out other conditions that can mimic or contribute to cognitive and behavioral symptoms.

• We’ll discuss medication options that can help manage symptoms or slow the progression of certain neurodegenerative diseases.
• You’ll be introduced to cognitive rehabilitation techniques aimed at enhancing your memory, problem-solving skills, and other cognitive functions.
• We may suggest behavioral therapy to help you cope with changes in mood or behavior, improving your overall well-being.
• You’ll have access to support groups and counseling services, offering emotional support and a community of others who understand what you’re going through.

• We’ll work together to create a structured daily routine that supports your cognitive health and helps manage symptoms.
• You’re encouraged to engage in regular physical activity and social interactions, which have been shown to support brain health.
• We’ll provide strategies and tools to help you manage memory difficulties and maintain independence in daily activities.
• You’ll receive ongoing education about your condition, empowering you with knowledge to make informed decisions about your care.

• We’ll start by discussing your medical history, symptoms, and how they’re affecting your daily life, to get a comprehensive view of your condition.
• You’ll undergo a series of assessments and tests aimed at diagnosing your specific cognitive or behavioral condition.
• We’ll explain the results of your tests, discussing what they mean for your diagnosis and how we can address your symptoms.
• Together, we’ll develop a personalized treatment plan that includes medical treatments, therapy options, and lifestyle changes tailored to your needs.
• You’ll be guided on how to access additional resources, such as support groups or rehabilitation services, to support your journey.
• We’ll schedule follow-up appointments to monitor your progress, adjust treatments as necessary, and ensure you have ongoing support.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system. Symptoms can vary widely, including fatigue, mobility issues, visual disturbances, and cognitive challenges. Our treatment strategy for MS focuses on disease-modifying therapies to slow progression, manage acute relapses with corticosteroids, and address specific symptoms through tailored rehabilitation and supportive therapies. We emphasize a multidisciplinary care approach, involving neurologists, physical therapists, and mental health professionals, to support each aspect of our patients’ well-being, aiming to maintain independence and enhance quality of life.

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD)

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disorder distinct from MS, primarily affecting the optic nerves and spinal cord. NMOSD can lead to severe vision loss and paralysis. Our treatment approach includes immunosuppressive therapies to prevent attacks and acute management with plasma exchange or high-dose corticosteroids during relapses. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for initiating appropriate treatment and preventing disability. We provide comprehensive support for managing symptoms and adapting to life with NMOSD, including pain management, visual rehabilitation, and strategies to maintain mobility and daily function.

Autoimmune Encephalitis

Autoimmune Encephalitis involves the immune system attacking the brain, leading to symptoms such as memory loss, seizures, and psychiatric disturbances. Treatment typically involves immunotherapy, such as corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), or plasmapheresis, to reduce inflammation and halt immune attacks. We prioritize rapid diagnosis and treatment initiation to improve outcomes and reduce the risk of long-term neurological damage. Supportive care, including seizure management and psychiatric interventions, plays a vital role in treatment. Our team is committed to providing holistic care, focusing on recovery and helping patients navigate the challenges of living with autoimmune encephalitis.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurological disorder where the body’s immune system attacks the peripheral nerves, often leading to rapid-onset muscle weakness and paralysis. Treatment involves intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasmapheresis to reduce the severity of symptoms and accelerate recovery. Early intervention is key to preventing severe complications, including respiratory failure. Our care team supports patients through the acute phase, followed by extensive rehabilitation to regain strength and mobility. We focus on multidisciplinary care, providing physical, occupational, and speech therapies tailored to each patient’s recovery journey.

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles. Treatment options include medications to improve neuromuscular transmission, immunosuppressants to reduce antibody production, and thymectomy for those with thymoma or generalized MG. Symptomatic treatments, such as cholinesterase inhibitors, and managing exacerbating factors are crucial. We provide personalized care plans, incorporating physical therapy and lifestyle adjustments to enhance daily functioning. Our goal is to achieve optimal symptom control, allowing patients to maintain an active and fulfilling life despite the challenges of MG.

• We’ll conduct a comprehensive neurological examination to assess symptoms like vision changes, muscle weakness, and coordination issues, providing us with initial insights into your condition.
• You’ll undergo MRI scans to detect any signs of inflammation or lesions in your central nervous system, crucial for diagnosing MS and related neuroimmunological disorders.
• We may perform lumbar puncture procedures to analyze your cerebrospinal fluid for markers of inflammation or antibodies associated with neuroimmunological conditions.
• You might need blood tests to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms and to identify specific biomarkers relevant to your diagnosis.
• We’ll consider evoked potentials tests to measure your nervous system’s electrical activity, helping us detect any delayed responses due to demyelination or nerve damage.

• We’ll prescribe disease-modifying therapies aimed at reducing the frequency and severity of relapses in MS, tailoring our choice of medication to your specific form of the disease.
• You may receive corticosteroids or undergo plasma exchange during relapses to quickly reduce inflammation and improve symptoms.
• We’ll recommend symptomatic treatments to manage issues like muscle spasticity, pain, or fatigue, improving your daily functioning and quality of life.
• You’ll be encouraged to participate in physical and occupational therapy programs designed to maintain or improve mobility, strength, and independence.
• We’ll discuss lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise, that can support your overall health and potentially influence the course of your condition.

• We’ll develop a long-term management plan that includes regular monitoring of your condition through clinical assessments and periodic MRI scans.
• You’re encouraged to join patient support groups and educational programs to connect with others facing similar challenges and to stay informed about advances in treatment.
• We’ll provide guidance on managing fatigue, one of the most common symptoms, through energy conservation techniques and lifestyle adjustments.
• You’ll have access to mental health support, acknowledging the emotional and psychological impact of living with a chronic neuroimmunological condition.
• We’ll ensure you’re informed about the latest research and treatment options, including potential participation in clinical trials that may offer access to innovative therapies.

• We’ll begin with an in-depth discussion about your symptoms, how they’ve progressed, and any impact they’ve had on your life, to gain a full understanding of your experiences.
• You’ll undergo specialized tests and assessments designed to diagnose or monitor your condition, with explanations provided for each procedure.
• We’ll review the results with you, explaining the findings and what they mean for your diagnosis and treatment plan.
• Together, we’ll explore all available treatment options, considering both the benefits and potential side effects, to make informed decisions about your care.
• You’ll receive comprehensive information on managing your condition, including symptom management strategies, support services, and lifestyle recommendations.
• We’ll schedule follow-up appointments to assess the effectiveness of your treatment, make necessary adjustments, and provide continuous support.

Migraines

Migraines are intense, often debilitating headaches characterized by throbbing pain, sensitivity to light and sound, nausea, and sometimes visual disturbances known as aura. Our approach to managing migraines includes identifying and avoiding triggers, using medications for pain relief and prevention, and exploring non-pharmacological treatments like biofeedback and cognitive behavioral therapy. We also consider new therapies, such as CGRP inhibitors, for chronic migraine sufferers. Education on self-management techniques and lifestyle adjustments plays a critical role in our care, aiming to empower patients to control their migraine symptoms and reduce their impact on daily activities.

Tension-Type Headaches

Tension-Type Headaches, the most common form of headache, manifest as a constant, dull pressure or tightness around the forehead or back of the head and neck. Our treatment strategy focuses on pain relief through over-the-counter or prescription medications, stress management techniques, and physical therapy to address muscle tension. We emphasize the importance of regular exercise, proper posture, and relaxation techniques as preventive measures. For those experiencing chronic tension-type headaches, we explore comprehensive treatment plans that may include counseling or biofeedback to help manage stress and prevent future episodes.

Cluster Headaches

Cluster Headaches are excruciating, unilateral headaches known for their rapid onset and occurrence in cyclical patterns or clusters. Our treatment approach includes fast-acting inhalation oxygen and subcutaneous sumatriptan to relieve acute attacks, along with preventive medications like verapamil to reduce the frequency and severity of headache clusters. We also assess lifestyle factors and possible triggers to develop personalized management strategies. For patients with chronic cluster headaches unresponsive to traditional treatments, we may consider neuromodulation techniques as an alternative option, aiming to provide significant relief and improve quality of life.

Medication-Overuse Headaches

Medication-Overuse Headaches arise from the regular, long-term use of headache medications, leading to chronic daily headaches. Our approach to managing this condition involves carefully withdrawing the overused medication, a process that may temporarily increase headache frequency but ultimately leads to improvement. We support patients through the withdrawal phase with alternative pain management strategies and preventive medications to reduce the risk of recurrence. Education on the appropriate use of headache medications and the importance of following a prescribed treatment plan is crucial to prevent medication overuse and maintain long-term headache control.

• We’ll start by taking a comprehensive history of your headaches, including their frequency, duration, intensity, and any associated symptoms, to help us identify the type of headache disorder you’re experiencing.
• You’ll be asked to keep a headache diary, documenting when your headaches occur, possible triggers, and how they respond to treatment, which can be invaluable in diagnosing your condition accurately.
• We may conduct neurological examinations to rule out other causes of headaches and to assess any related neurological deficits.
• You might undergo imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, especially if your headache pattern changes or if we suspect secondary causes.
• We’ll consider blood tests or other investigations to exclude underlying conditions that could be contributing to your headache symptoms, ensuring a comprehensive approach to your diagnosis.

• We’ll prescribe medication tailored to your specific type of headache, whether it’s for acute relief of migraines or preventive treatment to reduce the frequency and severity of your headaches.
• You may benefit from non-pharmacological treatments, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), biofeedback, or relaxation techniques, especially if you’re dealing with chronic headaches.
• We’ll recommend lifestyle modifications, including changes to your diet, sleep habits, and exercise routine, to help manage your headache triggers and improve your overall well-being.
• You’ll have access to the latest treatments and interventions, such as
• Botox injections for chronic migraines or nerve blocks for cluster headaches, based on the latest evidence and your specific needs.
• We’ll discuss the importance of avoiding medication overuse, which can lead to rebound headaches, and we’ll work with you to find the most effective and sustainable treatment strategy.

• We’ll closely monitor your response to treatment, making adjustments as needed to ensure the best control of your headaches with minimal side effects.
• You’re encouraged to continue using a headache diary, which can help both of us understand the patterns and triggers of your headaches, aiding in long-term management.
• We’ll provide support for implementing and maintaining lifestyle changes that have been shown to reduce headache frequency and intensity.
• You’ll be offered ongoing education about your headache disorder, empowering you with knowledge to make informed decisions about your care and treatment options.
• We’ll ensure you have access to a multidisciplinary team, including physical therapists or counselors, to address all aspects of your headache disorder comprehensively.

• We’ll conduct a detailed interview about your headache history, lifestyle, and any treatments you’ve tried, to gain a thorough understanding of your condition.
• You’ll receive a comprehensive evaluation to identify or rule out potential causes of your headaches and to assess the impact of your headaches on your life.
• We’ll explain the diagnostic process, including any tests we recommend and what they entail, ensuring you’re fully informed every step of the way.
• Together, we’ll develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses your specific symptoms and goals, considering both immediate relief and long-term management.
• You’ll be guided on how to manage your headaches at home, inuding when to seek additional care or adjust your treatment approach.
• We’ll schedule follow-up visits to assess the effectiveness of your treatment, adjust as necessary, and provide continuous care and support.

Insomnia

Insomnia, characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early, can significantly affect quality of life. Our treatment strategies for insomnia include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which has proven effective in addressing the underlying causes of sleeplessness. Medications may be used short-term to help establish better sleep patterns, but we emphasize lifestyle modifications and sleep hygiene practices as the foundation of treatment. Our goal is to empower patients with the tools and knowledge to achieve restorative sleep naturally, reducing reliance on sleep aids and improving daytime alertness and mood.

Sleep Apnea

Sleep Apnea, particularly obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is a condition where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, leading to disrupted sleep and increased risk of cardiovascular issues. Our management includes positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy, the most effective treatment for OSA, along with lifestyle changes such as weight loss and positional therapy. In selected cases, dental appliances or surgery may be recommended. We closely monitor patients to ensure treatment effectiveness and adjust strategies as needed, focusing on reducing health risks associated with untreated sleep apnea and improving sleep quality.

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime drowsiness and sudden attacks of sleep. Our approach to treating narcolepsy involves medications to control the symptoms, including stimulants to enhance daytime wakefulness and medications that help regulate sleep patterns. Lifestyle adjustments, such as scheduled naps and maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, are integral to managing narcolepsy. We provide comprehensive support to address the challenges of living with narcolepsy, ensuring patients can lead active, fulfilling lives despite the condition’s constraints.

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) causes an irresistible urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by uncomfortable sensations, which can severely impact sleep. Treatment for RLS focuses on identifying and managing underlying conditions, such as iron deficiency, and may include medications that increase dopamine in the brain, muscle relaxants, or sleep aids. We also recommend lifestyle changes and relaxation techniques to alleviate symptoms. Our multidisciplinary approach ensures patients receive a tailored treatment plan, aimed at reducing discomfort and improving sleep quality.

• We’ll conduct a thorough sleep evaluation, discussing your sleep habits, symptoms, and any disruptions you experience, to pinpoint the nature of your sleep disorder.
• You’ll undergo polysomnography in our clinic to closely monitor your sleep stages, breathing, and movements, providing us with valuable data to accurately diagnose conditions like sleep apnea and narcolepsy.
• We may suggest a Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) to evaluate the extent of your daytime sleepiness and confirm a diagnosis of narcolepsy if suspected.
• You might need blood tests to uncover any underlying conditions that could be affecting your sleep, such as iron levels for those of you experiencing Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS).
• Keeping a sleep diary at home will help us understand your sleep patterns and identify potential triggers for your insomnia or RLS.

• We’ll discuss using Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) therapy to significantly improve your breathing and quality of sleep if you’re diagnosed with sleep apnea.
• Depending on your specific condition, we may prescribe medications to help manage your symptoms, whether they’re for insomnia, narcolepsy, or RLS.
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) will be recommended for those of you struggling with insomnia, focusing on changing behaviors and thought patterns that negatively impact sleep.
• We’ll encourage you to make lifestyle modifications, such as improving your diet, incorporating regular exercise, and establishing a consistent sleep routine to enhance your overall sleep health.
• For those dealing with RLS, we might explore iron supplementation as a treatment option, alongside other medications to alleviate symptoms and improve sleep quality.

• We’ll guide you in practicing good sleep hygiene, advising on the best practices to make your sleeping environment conducive to restful sleep and maintaining a consistent sleep-wake schedule.
• Incorporating regular physical activity into your routine and adhering to a healthy diet will be essential strategies we recommend to support your overall health and manage your sleep disorder.
• We’ll teach you relaxation techniques and stress management practices, such as meditation and yoga, to help reduce bedtime anxiety and promote better sleep.
• Joining support groups or participating in counseling sessions may be beneficial for you to address the emotional and psychological effects of living with a chronic sleep disorder.
• Regular follow-up appointments with us will ensure that your treatment plan is effective and can be adjusted as needed to continue improving your sleep quality.

• At your appointment, we’ll have an in-depth conversation about your sleeping patterns, any difficulties you face in falling or staying asleep, and how these issues impact your daily life.
• A physical examination and review of your medical history will be conducted to identify any contributing factors to your sleep disorder.
• Based on our initial assessment, you may be referred for a sleep study or other diagnostic tests to objectively assess your sleep and any disturbances.
• We’ll discuss your diagnosis and the various treatment options available, ensuring you understand the benefits and potential side effects of each.
• Together, we’ll develop a personalized treatment plan that includes medical interventions, behavioral strategies, and lifestyle adjustments tailored to your needs.
• You’ll be provided with resources, such as support groups and educational materials, to help you manage your condition effectively.

Neurological Examination

A neurological examination is a comprehensive assessment used to evaluate the nervous system’s health. It includes tests of motor and sensory skills, balance, coordination, mental status, and reflexes. This examination helps to identify the presence of neurological conditions and determine the next steps in diagnosis and treatment.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

An EEG records the brain’s electrical activity, using small electrodes attached to the scalp. It’s essential for diagnosing epilepsy and other brain disorders. The test is non-invasive and can help determine changes in brain activity that may be indicative of various neurological conditions.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

MRI provides high-resolution images of the brain and spinal cord, offering detailed insights into neurological structures and potential abnormalities. It’s crucial for diagnosing conditions like tumors, strokes, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injuries. MRIs use magnetic fields and radio waves, posing no radiation risk to patients.

Computed Tomography (CT) Scan

A CT scan creates detailed cross-sectional images of the brain, quickly identifying hemorrhages, tumors, clots, and other abnormalities. It’s often used in emergency settings to diagnose strokes or head injuries. The procedure involves a series of X-ray images taken from different angles.

Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap)

A lumbar puncture involves collecting cerebrospinal fluid from the spinal canal. This fluid is tested for conditions like infections (meningitis), multiple sclerosis, and neurological disorders. Though the thought of the procedure may be daunting, it provides valuable diagnostic information.

Electromyography (EMG) and Nerve Conduction Studies

EMG and nerve conduction studies measure the electrical activity of muscles and the speed of nerve signals. They are invaluable in diagnosing diseases that affect muscle tissue and nerves, such as peripheral neuropathy and muscular dystrophy.

Carotid Ultrasound

Carotid ultrasound examines the carotid arteries in the neck to assess blood flow to the brain, helping to identify blockages or narrowing that may increase stroke risk. It’s a non-invasive, painless procedure that uses sound waves to create images.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

DBS is a surgical treatment for patients with Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. It involves implanting electrodes in specific brain areas and a pacemaker-like device to send electrical pulses, reducing symptoms and improving quality of life.

Neurointerventional Procedures

Neurointerventional procedures, including angioplasty, stenting, and coiling, treat conditions like aneurysms and acute strokes. These minimally invasive surgeries are performed through small incisions, often leading to quicker recoveries and reduced risks compared to open surgeries.

Medication Management: Effective medication management is pivotal in treating neurological disorders, ranging from anticonvulsants for epilepsy to immunomodulators for multiple sclerosis. Adhering to prescribed medication regimens is key to managing symptoms and preventing progression.

Lifestyle Modifications: Lifestyle changes, including regular exercise, healthy eating, and stress reduction, can significantly impact neurological health. Patients are encouraged to adopt habits that support overall well-being and potentially mitigate the impact of neurological conditions.

Rehabilitation Therapies: Rehabilitation therapies, such as physical, occupational, and speech therapy, play a critical role in recovery and support for neurological patients. These therapies help improve function, reduce symptoms, and enhance quality of life for individuals with chronic or acute neurological conditions.